Three analytical layers dominate EV analysis. Proteomics catalogues the proteins, transcriptomics profiles the RNA, and lipidomics maps the membrane lipids. Together they form the core of EV cargo analysis.

How neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) carry amyloid-beta, tau and alpha-synuclein between neurons and provide blood biomarkers for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS and FTD, plus the growth factor and EV isolation tools that support the work.

This article surveys the growth factors that underpin organoid culture, why they matter, and how their delivery shapes organoid quality, reproducibility and cost. It explains the roles of the core signalling families, why stem-cell niches depend on tightly regulated factor gradients, and how the practical challenges of growth factor instability and expense are driving interest in sustained-release approaches.

How polyhedrin functions as a viral survival strategy, and how the PODS (Polyhedrin Delivery System) mechanism harnesses polyhedrin's crystalline architecture to encapsulate growth factors and control their release over days to weeks.

Three single-particle methods dominate the modern EV characterisation toolkit: nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS). Which should you choose? Or do you need them all?

Several methods have emerged that dominate the field of extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation. Beyond these, many interesting alternatives are on the horizon.

Hydrogels provide physical support and bioactive stimulation. Choosing the right hydrogel for an application is critical, but narrowing down candidates from the huge choice available is a daunting task.

Activin A is the single most important growth factor in iPSC differentiation toward endoderm-derived lineages, and one of the most widely used in cardiac mesoderm protocols as well.