Activin A is the single most important growth factor in iPSC differentiation toward endoderm-derived lineages, and one of the most widely used in cardiac mesoderm protocols as well.
This article examines each of the major parameters governing a TFF-based EV isolation run: membrane format and molecular weight cut-off selection, transmembrane pressure, cross-flow velocity, concentration factor, diafiltration strategy, temperature and hold time. It also covers process monitoring and the role of SEC polishing as a downstream step following TFF.
Not all extracellular vesicles are the same. Learn how exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies differ in size, biogenesis and cargo, and why the distinction matters for reproducible EV research.
MSC-derived exosomes (and other extracellular vesicles) have become one of the most actively investigated modalities in regenerative medicine, with peer-reviewed evidence spanning cardiac repair, neural regeneration, wound healing, bone and cartilage restoration, and acute organ injury. This article reviews the biological basis of MSC exosome activity, the therapeutic evidence across key disease areas, the manufacturing and isolation considerations that determine product quality, and the tools available to researchers establishing MSC exosome programmes.
